旧金山和约

旧金山和约会议召开日期：1951年9月4日至8日在美国的旧金山市召开。

签订日：公元一九五一年九月八日签署

生效日：公元一九五二年四月二十八日

参与会议的国家：共52国。它们是：苏联、波兰、捷克斯洛伐克、阿根廷、澳大利亚、比利时、玻利维亚、巴西、柬埔寨、加拿大、锡兰、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼加、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、衣索比亚、法国、希腊、危地马拉、海地、宏都拉斯、印度尼西亚、伊朗、伊拉克、寮国、黎巴嫩、赖比瑞亚、卢森堡、 墨西哥、荷兰、纽西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、叙利亚、土耳其、南非联邦、英国、美国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉、越南和日本。

参与签署的国家情形：共四十九国的代表签署；(52个国家中，苏联、波兰、捷克斯洛伐克3国未签署)。

签署国之批准情形：共四十六国批准，因印度尼西亚、哥伦比亚、卢森堡之后未批准该条约，故该条约当事国为四十六国。

鉴于联盟国与日本之彼此关系，今后将以主权平等、友好合作，来增进共同福祉、维持国际和平与安全，从而，决意签订和平条约以解决交战双方存留之问题与交战状态。

日本宣示加入联合国并遵守联合国宪章原则，努力实现世界人权宣言，在日本国内创造符合联合国宪章第 55 条与第 56 条、日本战后立法，以及在公私贸易与商业上符合国际惯例之安定与福祉条件。

鉴于联盟国欢迎日本宣示前述意愿； 联盟国与日本决议缔结本条约，任命以下全权代表并于其表明其全权委任状后，同意以下条款：

第 1 章　和平

第 1 条　【战争状态结束、承认日本主权】

(a).日本与各联盟国之战争状态，依据本条约第 23 条之规定，为自日本与各联盟国之条约生效日起结束。

(b).联盟国承认日本与其领海之日本国民之完全主权。

第 2 章　领土

第 2 条　【领土放弃】

(a).日本承认朝鲜独立并予以放弃对朝鲜包括济州岛、巨文岛与郁陵岛等岛屿的一切权利、权利名义与要求。

(b).日本放弃对台湾、澎湖等岛屿的一切权利、权利名义与要求。

(c).日本放弃对千岛群岛、 1905 年 9 月 5 日获得之库页岛部分，以及邻近各岛屿的一切权利、权利名义与要求。

(d).日本放弃国际联盟委任统治相关的一切权利、权利名义与要求，同时接受联合国安全理事会于 1947 年 4 月 2 日所采取有关日本前述太平洋岛屿委任统治地之信托统治安排。

(e).日本放弃因为日本国家或国民在南极地区活动所衍生的一切权利、权利名义与要求。

(f).日本放弃对南沙群岛与西沙群岛的一切权利、权利名义与要求。

第 3 条　【信托统治】

日本同意美国对北纬 29 度以南之西南群岛 (含琉球群岛与大东群岛) 、孀妇岩南方之南方各岛 (含小笠原群岛、西之与火山群岛) ，和冲之鸟岛以及南鸟岛等地送交联合国之信托统治制度提议。在此提案获得通过之前，美国对上述地区、所属居民与所属海域得拥有实施行政、立法、司法之权利。

第 4 条　【财产】

(a).依据本条 b. 款之规定，在第 2 条所列举区域内，对目前正管理该地区之当局与其居民 (包含法人在内) ，就日本与日本国民之财产、请求权与债务之处分，以及该当局对日本与日本国民，就该当局与其居民在日本之财产与包含债务在内之请求权之处分，应依据日本与该当局之特别协议为之。第 2 条所列举区域内之联盟国与其国民财产且目前尚未归还者，应由管理当局依现状归还 (前项所称之国民，在本条约中皆包括法人) 。

(b).日本承认前述第 2 条与第 3 条中美国军事政府对日本与日本国民财产处分的有效性。

(c).依据本条约，日本所掌握连结至日本之海底电缆将予以等分。日本拥有者为日本端之设备与该电缆之一半，以及分离领域所余电缆和其端点设备。

第 3 章　安全

第 5 条　【联合国之集体防卫、自卫权】

(a).日本接受规定于联合国宪章第 2 条所规定之义务。

(i)以前述和平方式解决国际争端，以免危及国际和平与安全、正义。 (ii)在国际关系上，对国家领土完整或政治独立，且符合联合国成立之目的上，谨慎使用威吓或武力。 (iii)支持联合国符合宪章之各项行动，且对联合国采取预防或强制行动的国家谨慎提供协助。

(b).联盟国确认与日本之关系，将依据联合国宪章第 2 条之原则为之。

(c).联盟国承认，身为主权国家之日本，依据联合国宪章第 51 条之规定，拥有个别或集体自卫权等固有权利，同时日本得自主缔结集体安全协议。

第 6 条　【占领结束】

(a).自本条约生效之后，所有联盟国占领军应尽速自日本撤出，此项撤军不得晚于本条约生效后 90 日。若日本与联盟国缔结有关外国军队驻扎或保有于日本领土之双边或多边协议者，不受本条规定所限。

(b).依据 1945 年 7 月 26 日波次坦宣言第 9 条有关日本军队撤退回国之条款，若尚未完成者，得持续执行。 联盟国承认，身为主权国家之日本，依据联合国宪章第 51 条之规定，拥有个别或集体自卫权等固有权利，同时日本得自主缔结集体安全协议。

(c).所有被占领军所征用但尚未获得补偿之日本财产，以及本条约生效时占领军所占有之日本财产，非经其他双边协议之安排，应于 90 日内归还日本政府。

第 4 章 政治及经济条款

第 7 条　【两国间条约之效力】

(a).各联盟国于本条约在个别联盟国与日本生效 1 年期限内，得通告日本就其战前与日本签定之双边条约或协约是否持续有效或重新生效。前述条约与协约之持续有效或重新生效之修正通知，应基于符合本条约之精神。此条约与协约于通告日本且向联合国秘书处登记后 3 个月起，将视为持续有效或重新生效。所有前述条约或协约，未通告日本者视为无效。

(b).依据本条 a. 款，在国际关系上拥有通告责任之联盟国，对条约或协约之持续有效或重新有效得有除外条件。此除外条件，在通告日本 3 个月后终止其适用。

第 8 条　【承认终战相关条约、放弃定条约之权益】

(a).日本承认联盟国自 1939 年 9 月 1 日起为终止战争状态所定条约之有效性，日本亦承认联盟国为恢复和平之议决。日本亦接受先前之国际联盟与常设国际法院所为终止战争之决议。

(b).日本放弃做为下述条约签署国所衍生之一切权利与利益，即 1919 年 9 月 10 日之《 St. Germain-en-Laye 协约》、 1936 年 7 月 20 日之《 Montreux 海峡协议》，以及 1923 年 7 月 24 日签订于洛桑之《与土耳其和平条约》。

(c).日本放弃下述一切获得且履行义务之权利、名器与利益，即 1930 年 5 月 17 日《德意志与债权国之协议》与附属文件，包括《信托协议》，以及 1930 年 1 月 20 日有关「国际清算银行」，与「国际清算银行规约」。日本将于本约首次生效 6 个月内，通告巴黎之外交部长有关本款前述所放弃之权利、名器与利益。

第 9 条　【渔业协议】

日本将立即就有关公海之限制渔捞、渔业保存与发展等议题与联盟国进行协商，并订立双边或多边协议。

第 10 条　【中国相关权益】

日本放弃，一切有关中国之特别权利与利益，包括源自 1901 年 9 月 7 日签署于北京之最后议定书条款、其附件、书简与文件所衍生之对中国的利益与特权；同时，同意放弃前述议定书条款、其附件、书简与文件。

第 11 条　【战争罪刑】

日本接受在日本领土内外之「远东国际军事法院」，与「联盟国战争罪刑法院」之判决，并承诺将执行就前述拘禁于日本之日本国民之判决。联盟国对前述拘禁犯之赦免、减刑与假释，基于单一或多数联盟国政府之个别考虑，或基于日本政府之建议，得不予执行。受「远东国际军事法院」判决确定者，除经法庭之联盟国政府代表多数议决，以及基于日本政府之建议，得不予执行。

第 12 条　【通商航海条约】

(a).日本宣示，将在稳定与友好关系上，尽速与各联盟国就有关贸易、海运与其他商务关易之条约或协议进行协商。

(b).至相关条约或协议签署为止，日本将在本条约首先生效日起 4 年内，承诺以下事项：

(1).同等对待各联盟国、国民、产品与船舶相关之下列项目：

(i). 有关货物进出口之关税、费用、限制与其他规约等最惠国待遇。

(ii).有关海运、航行与进口货物，以及有关自然人、法人与其利益之国民待遇。此项国民待遇包括课税与征收、接受法院裁判权利、契约之签订与履行、财产所有权 (有形与无形) 、日本法律下参与法人组织，以及一般商业与专业活动等事项。 (2).确保日本国营贸易事业对外采购与销售应仅基于商业因素考虑。

(c).日本应在各联盟国给予对等待遇之条件下，给予该联盟国国民待遇、或最惠国待遇。前项互惠依下述原则：联盟国非本国之货物、船舶和法人、住民，以及拥有联邦体制联盟国之邦、州的法人、住民，给予日本对等的地域、邦或州之待遇为之。

(d).本条之适用，不得因当事国所实施商务条约之通常例外性歧视规定，而减损国民待遇或最惠国待遇。亦不得为保护该当事国之涉外财政地位或国际收支 (海运或航海相关事项为例外) ，或以适切、任意或不合理手段以维护重大安全利益等理由，而减损国民待遇或最惠国待遇。

(e).日本依据本条所应负担之义务，不受本条约第14条任何联盟国权利行使之影响。本条条文亦不得解释为依本条约第 15 条日本所承诺的限制。

第 13 条　【国际民航】

(a).日本在联盟国要求下，将尽速与之协商双边或多边国际民用航空协议。

(b).在前述协议签署前，日本将于本条约首次生效起 4 年内，给予该联盟国不低于在此生效日时该联盟国已拥有之航空交通权利与特权，包括有关航空服务业务与发展之均等机会。

(c).在成为「国际民用航空协议」成员国前，依据其第 93 条之规定，日本将实施适用飞行器之国际航空规定，以及将实施同项条约附属文件之标准、方式与手续。

第 5 章　求偿权与财产

第 14 条　【赔偿、在外国财产】

a.联盟国承认：日本应赔偿联盟国战中所生的一切损害与痛苦，但因日本目前拥有的资源不足以支持一个自主的经济体，且不足以完全赔偿前述之一切损害与痛苦。因此：

对国土曾被日本军队占领且因日本而受损害需要接受赔偿且经联盟国同意者，应透过日本人的劳役以恢复生产、打捞沈船与其他相关作业而需费用之国家，日本将尽速与其就前述损害之赔偿进行协商。此项赔偿不得加诸额外负担，若有原料制造之需，此原料应由联盟国考虑后供给，以免日本承受汇兑负担。

(I)受以下 (II) 条款限制，各联盟国拥有逮捕、留置、清算或处分下数财产、权利与利益之权力：

(a).日本及日本国民。

(b).日本之代理人、代表，或日本国民，以及...

(c).日本或日本人所拥有或主控的实体。

此项财产、权利与利益，包括现为联盟国所封锁、隶属、拥有或控制，但为前述 (a) 、 (b) 、 (c) 所拥有、持有或管理之敌国财产。

(II). 以下为前述 (I) 之例外：

(i).日本自然人于战时合法居留于非日本占领区域之联盟国国境内者所拥有之财产，但此财产受战时法规所限，且在本条约首次生效日时尚未解除者除外。

(ii).日本政府所拥有，以及供外交、领事目的之所有不动产、家具和固定物，以及所有日本外交、领事人员所拥有非具有外交或领事功能之个人家具与陈设以及其他非具有投资性质之私有财产。

(iii).宗教法人或私立慈善机构所拥有并以宗教或慈善为目的之财产。

(iv).1945 年 9 月 2 以后由于恢复与日本贸易与金融关系而划归该联盟国之财产、权利与利益，但若其来源与联盟国法律抵触者例外。

(v).日本或日本国民之债务、任何位于日本之有形资产之权利、名器或利益、依据日本法律所成立的企业组织、或相关文书数据。但仅能以日本货币表示之日本和日本国民之债务者除外。

(III).前述 i. 至 v. 有关财产之例外规定，在支付合理保存与管理费用下，应予以归还。但此财产已被清算者，应归还其收入。

(IV). 前述 (I) 所述之逮捕、留置、清算或处分财产之权利，需遵守联盟国相关法律规定。所有权人需于前项法律授权下，始得拥有此权利。

(V).联盟国同意以各国所通用且对日本有利之方式处理日本商标、文学与艺术财产权。

b.除本条约另有规定，联盟国放弃赔偿请求权、联盟国与其国民放弃其他于战争期间被日本及日本国民战争行为之赔偿请求权，以及放弃占领之直接军事费用请求权。

第 15 条　【归还联盟国财产】

(a).本条约在日本与各联盟国首次生效日起 9 个月内申请者，于前述申请日期起 6 个月内，日本将归还该联盟国与其国民自 1941 年 12 月 7 日起至 1945 年 12 月 2 日止位于日本之有形与无形财产、任何形式之一切权利或利益，除非其所有权人已在无威胁与无诈欺状况下自由处分上述财产。上述财产于免除战争所课与之负担与费用后应归还原所有权人，此项归还不得收取费用。前项财产由于所有权人或其政府的原因，以致无法于规定期限内申请者，日本政府得处分其财产。若此 1941 年 12 月 7 日在日本之财产已无法归还，或者因战争而受损坏者，将依据日本内阁 1951 年 7 月 13 日所通过之「联盟国财产赔偿法」，给予不低其条件之赔偿。

(b).有关受战争所损害之工业所有权，日本将持续授予联盟国及其国民不低于 1949 年 9 月 1 日生效之「第 309 号内阁政令」、 1950 年 2 月 28 日生效之「第 12 号内阁政令」，以及 1950 年 2 月 1 日生效之「第 9 号内阁政令」，以及其修订政令之利益。但前述国民应于时限内申请。

(c).

(i).日本认知：联盟国与其国民于 1941 年 12 月 6 日已在日本出版或未出版之文学与美术财产权自该日起持续有效，且承认上述权利，此项权利不因日本与他国签订之公约或协议，但由于战争之故致使日本或该联盟国因国内法之规定予以废止或停止而无效。 (ii).日本政府所拥有，以及供外交、领事目的之所有不动产、家具和固定物，以及所有日本外交、领事人员所拥有非具有外交或领事功能之个人家具与陈设以及其他非具有投资性质之私有财产。

第 16 条　【非联盟国之日本财产】

联盟国军队成员为日本所俘虏而遭致不当待遇且提出赔偿要求者，日本得转移其自身与国民在战争时位于中立国或与联盟国敌对国家之财产为之，或为前述战争俘虏与其家属之利益，得移转前述财产予「国际红十字会」俾其清算与衡平分配予适切之国家当局，但依据本条约第 14 条 (a) 2. (II) ii. 至 v. 所示种类之财产，以及本条约首次生效日起非居住于日本之日本自然人财产为除外。日本财政当局所拥有之国际清算银行 19,770 股，亦不得适用本条之移转规定。

第 17 条　【判决再审查】

(a).若联盟国要求，日本政府应基于国际法检视与修正「日本战时掳获物法庭」所为有关该联盟国国民所有权之判决与命令，并应对相关案例提供所有文件之副本，包括判决与命令。若经前述财产检视与修正确认应归还者，应适用第 15 条之规定处理。

(b).日本政府应在本条约与个别联盟国首次生效后1年内，采取必要措施以确保该联盟国对日本主管当局提出下述重审要求之权益，即自 1941 年 12 月 7 日起至该生效日止期间，该联盟国国民无法适切陈述之判决，无论该联盟国国民为原告或被告。就该联盟国国民因判决而受损害者，日本政府应回复该员至该判决前之状态，或给予该案公正且衡平有效的补偿。

第 18 条　【战前债务】

(a).战争状态不得影响战前已存在之债务与契约 (包括债券) 所衍生之金钱债务。此项金钱债务包括日本政府、日本国民对个别联盟国之债务，或各联盟国、联盟国国民对日本政府日本国民之债务。战争状态不得影响下列义务，包括财产损失或损害之请求权，或个人因战争致身体受伤、死亡之请求权，或因各联盟国政府对日本政府、日本政府对各联盟国提出或再提出之请求权。前项规定不得损及第 14 条所赋予之权利。

(b).日本确认对战前之国家涉外债务，以及日本做此宣示后团体之涉外债务责任。同时，确认与债权人就债务之支付进行协商、鼓励其他战前请求权与义务之协商、促进此金额之移转支付。

第 19 条　【放弃战争请求权】

(a).日本与日本国民放弃针对联盟国与联盟国国民，就战争或与战争状态持续相关之所有请求权，同时放弃就本条约生效前联盟国军队与当局于日本领土之存在、职务行为或行动之请求权。

(b).前项之放弃包括自 1939 年 9 月 1 日起至本条约生效日止，与日本船舶有关之联盟国行为，亦包括战时被联盟国所掳获之日本战俘与平民拘留者之请求权与债务，但不包括各联盟国自 1945 年 9 月 2 日后制订法律中所特别承认之日本人之请求权。

(c).以互惠放弃为条件，日本政府亦放弃所有就德国与德国国民因代表日本政府或日本国民之所为行为之请求权 (包括债务) ，包括政府间请求权，以及战争中承受之损失与损害，但不包括 1939 年 9 月 1 日以前所签署之契约与其取得之权利，亦不包括 1945 年 9 月 2 日后日本与德国因通商与金融关系所生之请求权。前项放弃不得抵触本条约第 16 条与第 20 条之规定。

(d).日本承认占领期间占领当局或当时日本法律授权之所有做为与不做为措施之法律效力，同时日本将不追究联盟国国民因此项做为与不做为措施所衍生之民事或刑事责任。

第 20 条　【德国财产】

依 1945 年「柏林会议」议定书之相关规定，就拥有位于日本之德国财产处分权的联盟国，日本对此财产将采取必要措施。若联盟国对上述财产搁置最终处分，日本须负起保存与管理之责任。

第 21 条　【中国与朝鲜之受益权】

中国与朝鲜不受本条约第 25 条规定之所限，中国应享有本条约第 10 条与第14条a款(II)项之权益、朝鲜则享有本条约第2条、第4条、第9条与第12条之权益。

第 6 章　争议解决

第 22 条　【条约解释】

若本条约之任一当事国对本条约之解释与执行产生争议，而此争议未能援用特别主张委员会或其他为众所同意之方式解决，此争议在任一当事国之请求，应送交「国际法庭」裁决。日本与非「国际法庭规约」当事国之相关联盟国，在各当事国之本约批准文书后，且符合「联合国安全理事会」 1946 年 10 月 15 日就接受本条款接受管辖权而无须经特别协议之一般宣言之决议，得送交「国际法庭」。

第 7 章　最终条款

第 23 条　【批准、生效】

(a).本条约之签署国，包括日本在内，应经国会批准。本条约自日本之批准文书、以及包含做为主要占领国的美利坚合众国之下述多数批准国送达之后，将对所有批准国家生效，包括澳洲、加拿大、锡兰、法国、印度尼西亚、荷兰王国、纽西兰、巴基斯坦、菲律宾共和国、大不列颠王国与北爱尔兰，以及美利坚合众国。本条约应自个别国家之批准书送达后，对该批准国家个别生效。

(b).若本条约在日本批准文书送达后九个月内未生效，在任一批准国之正式通告日本政府与美国政府后，本条约在日本与该批准国间径自生效。但此正式通告应于日本之批准书送达后三年内为之。

第 24 条　【批准书送存】

所有批准文书应送存美利坚合众国政府，美利坚合众国政府应依据本条约第 23 条 a. 之条约生效日，以及第 23 条 b. 通告规定，将前述送存通告各签署国。

第 25 条　【联盟国定义】

本条约所谓之联盟国，谓与日本进行战争之国家，或依据第23条所列举先前为该国一部分领土的国家，而此国家已经签署并批准本条约者。依据第 21 条本条约不授与任何权利、名器与利益予非前述联盟国之任何国家。日本之任何权利、名器与利益亦不得为非属前述之联盟国，而引用本条约之规定以致于有所减少、损害。

第 26 条　【两国之间之和平】

日本将与任何或支持、签署 1942 年 1 月 1 日「联合国宣言」、或者与日本处于战争状态国家、或依据第 23 条之列举先前为该国一部分领土的国家而此国家非本条约签署国，在本条约实质上相同条件下，签订双边和平条约。但日本之此项义务，仅止于本条约对个别联盟国首次生效日起 3 年内有效。若日本与任一国家签订和平协议或战争请求协议，并赋予该国优于本条约所定之条款，此优惠待遇应自动扩及本条约所有签署国。

第 27 条　【条约保管】

本条约应送存于美利坚合众国政府档案，而美国政府应转制官方副本给各相关签署国。 为昭信实，下列全权委员会签署本条约。

本条约以同等效力之英文、法文、西班牙文各版本以及日文版，于 1951 年 9 月 8 日缔结于旧金山市。

批准国

本条约批准国，为 46 国 (依罗马字母顺序) 如下：

阿根廷、澳洲、比利时、波利维亚、巴西、柬埔寨、加拿大、智利、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼加、厄瓜多、埃及、萨尔瓦多、衣索匹亚、法国、希腊、危地马拉、海地、宏都拉斯、伊朗、伊拉克、寮国、黎巴嫩、赖比瑞亚、墨西哥、荷兰、纽西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、南非共和国、斯里兰卡、叙利亚、土耳其、大不列颠与北爱尔兰王国、美利坚合众国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉、越南、日本。

TREATY OF PEACE WITH JAPAN

WHEREAS the Allied Powers and Japan are resolved that henceforth their relations shall be those of nations which, as sovereign equals, cooperate in friendly association to promote their common welfare and to maintain international peace and security, and are therefore desirous of concluding a Treaty of Peace which will settle questions still outstanding as a result of the existence of a state of war between them;

WHEREAS Japan for its part declares its intention to apply for membership in the United Nations and in all circumstances to conform to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations; to strive to realize the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; to seek to create within Japan conditions of stability and well-being as defined in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations and already initiated by post-surrender Japanese legislation; and in public and private trade and commerce to conform to internationally accepted fair practices;

WHEREAS the Allied Powers welcome the intentions of Japan set out in the foregoing paragraph;

THE ALLIED POWERS AND JAPAN have therefore determined to conclude the present Treaty of Peace, and have accordingly appointed the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, who, after presentation of their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following provisions:

CHAPTER I

PEACE

Article 1

(a) The state of war between Japan and each of the Allied Powers is terminated as from the date on which the present Treaty comes into force between Japan and the Allied Power concerned as provided for in Article 23.

(b) The Allied Powers recognize the full sovereignty of the Japanese people over Japan and its territorial waters.

CHAPTER II

TERRITORY

Article 2

(a) Japan recognizing the independence of Korea, renounces all right, title and claim to Korea, including the islands of Quelpart, Port Hamilton and Dagelet.

(b) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.

(c) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of 5 September 1905.

(d) Japan renounces all right, title and claim in connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United Nations Security Council of 2 April 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.

(e) Japan renounces all claim to any right or title to or interest in connection with any part of the Antarctic area, whether deriving from the activities of Japanese nationals or otherwise.

(f) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Spratly Islands and to the Paracel Islands.

Article 3

Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29deg. north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.

Article 4

(a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this Article, the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals in the areas referred to in Article 2, and their claims, including debts, against the authorities presently administering such areas and the residents (including juridical persons) thereof, and the disposition in Japan of property of such authorities and residents, and of claims, including debts, of such authorities and residents against Japan and its nationals, shall be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities. The property of any of the Allied Powers or its nationals in the areas referred to in Article 2 shall, insofar as this has not already been done, be returned by the administering authority in the condition in which it now exists. (The term nationals whenever used in the present Treaty includes juridical persons.)

(b) Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.

(c) Japanese owned submarine cables connection Japan with territory removed from Japanese control pursuant to the present Treaty shall be equally divided, Japan retaining the Japanese terminal and adjoining half of the cable, and the detached territory the remainder of the cable and connecting terminal facilities.

CHAPTER III

SECURITY

Article 5

(a) Japan accepts the obligations set forth in Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular the obligations

(i) to settle its international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered;

(ii) to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations;

(iii) to give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter and to refrain from giving assistance to any State against which the United Nations may take preventive or enforcement action.

(b) The Allied Powers confirm that they will be guided by the principles of Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations in their relations with Japan.

(c) The Allied Powers for their part recognize that Japan as a sovereign nation possesses the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense referred to in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations and that Japan may voluntarily enter into collective security arrangements.

Article 6

(a) All occupation forces of the Allied Powers shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as possible after the coming into force of the present Treaty, and in any case not later than 90 days thereafter. Nothing in this provision shall, however, prevent the stationing or retention of foreign armed forces in Japanese territory under or in consequence of any bilateral or multilateral agreements which have been or may be made between one or more of the Allied Powers, on the one hand, and Japan on the other.

(b) The provisions of Article 9 of the Potsdam Proclamation of 26 July 1945, dealing with the return of Japanese military forces to their homes, to the extent not already completed, will be carried out.

(c) All Japanese property for which compensation has not already been paid, which was supplied for the use of the occupation forces and which remains in the possession of those forces at the time of the coming into force of the present Treaty, shall be returned to the Japanese Government within the same 90 days unless other arrangements are made by mutual agreement.

CHAPTER IV

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CLAUSES

Article 7

(a) Each of the Allied Powers, within one year after the present Treaty has come into force between it and Japan, will notify Japan which of its prewar bilateral treaties or conventions with Japan it wishes to continue in force or revive, and any treaties or conventions so notified shall continue in force or by revived subject only to such amendments as may be necessary to ensure conformity with the present Treaty. The treaties and conventions so notified shall be considered as having been continued in force or revived three months after the date of notification and shall be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations. All such treaties and conventions as to which Japan is not so notified shall be regarded as abrogated.

(b) Any notification made under paragraph (a) of this Article may except from the operation or revival of a treaty or convention any territory for the international relations of which the notifying Power is responsible, until three months after the date on which notice is given to Japan that such exception shall cease to apply.

Article 8

(a) Japan will recognize the full force of all treaties now or hereafter concluded by the Allied Powers for terminating the state of war initiated on 1 September 1939, as well as any other arrangements by the Allied Powers for or in connection with the restoration of peace. Japan also accepts the arrangements made for terminating the former League of Nations and Permanent Court of International Justice.

(b) Japan renounces all such rights and interests as it may derive from being a signatory power of the Conventions of St. Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919, and the Straits Agreement of Montreux of 20 July 1936, and from Article 16 of the Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne on 24 July 1923.

(c) Japan renounces all rights, title and interests acquired under, and is discharged from all obligations resulting from, the Agreement between Germany and the Creditor Powers of 20 January 1930 and its Annexes, including the Trust Agreement, dated 17 May 1930, the Convention of 20 January 1930, respecting the Bank for International Settlements; and the Statutes of the Bank for International Settlements. Japan will notify to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris within six months of the first coming into force of the present Treaty its renunciation of the rights, title and interests referred to in this paragraph.

Article 9

Japan will enter promptly into negotiations with the Allied Powers so desiring for the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements providing for the regulation or limitation of fishing and the conservation and development of fisheries on the high seas.

Article 10

Japan renounces all special rights and interests in China, including all benefits and privileges resulting from the provisions of the final Protocol signed at Peking on 7 September 1901, and all annexes, notes and documents supplementary thereto, and agrees to the abrogation in respect to Japan of the said protocol, annexes, notes and documents.

Article 11

Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan, and will carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan. The power to grant clemency, to reduce sentences and to parole with respect to such prisoners may not be exercised except on the decision of the Government or Governments which imposed the sentence in each instance, and on recommendation of Japan. In the case of persons sentenced by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, such power may not be exercised except on the decision of a majority of the Governments represented on the Tribunal, and on the recommendation of Japan.

Article 12

(a) Japan declares its readiness promptly to enter into negotiations for the conclusion with each of the Allied Powers of treaties or agreements to place their trading, maritime and other commercial relations on a stable and friendly basis.

(b) Pending the conclusion of the relevant treaty or agreement, Japan will, during a period of four years from the first coming into force of the present Treaty

(1) accord to each of the Allied Powers, its nationals, products and vessels

(i) most-favoured-nation treatment with respect to customs duties, charges, restrictions and other regulations on or in connection with the importation and exportation of goods;

(ii) national treatment with respect to shipping, navigation and imported goods, and with respect to natural and juridical persons and their interests - such treatment to include all matters pertaining to the levying and collection of taxes, access to the courts, the making and performance of contracts, rights to property (tangible and intangible), participating in juridical entities constituted under Japanese law, and generally the conduct of all kinds of business and professional activities;

(2) ensure that external purchases and sales of Japanese state trading enterprises shall be based solely on commercial considerations.

(c) In respect to any matter, however, Japan shall be obliged to accord to an Allied Power national treatment, or most-favored-nation treatment, only to the extent that the Allied Power concerned accords Japan national treatment or most-favored-nation treatment, as the case may be, in respect of the same matter. The reciprocity envisaged in the foregoing sentence shall be determined, in the case of products, vessels and juridical entities of, and persons domiciled in, any non-metropolitan territory of an Allied Power, and in the case of juridical entities of, and persons domiciled in, any state or province of an Allied Power having a federal government, by reference to the treatment accorded to Japan in such territory, state or province.

(d) In the application of this Article, a discriminatory measure shall not be considered to derogate from the grant of national or most-favored-nation treatment, as the case may be, if such measure is based on an exception customarily provided for in the commercial treaties of the party applying it, or on the need to safeguard that party's external financial position or balance of payments (except in respect to shiping and navigation), or on the need to maintain its essential security interests, and provided such measure is proportionate to the circumstances and not applied in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner.

(e) Japan's obligations under this Article shall not be affected by the exercise of any Allied rights under Article 14 of the present Treaty; nor shall the provisions of this Article be understood as limiting the undertakings assumed by Japan by virtue of Article 15 of the Treaty.

Article 13

(a) Japan will enter into negotiations with any of the Allied Powers, promptly upon the request of such Power or Powers, for the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements relating to international civil air transport.

(b) Pending the conclusion of such agreement or agreements, Japan will, during a period of four years from the first coming into force of the present Treaty, extend to such Power treatment not less favorable with respect to air-traffic rights and privileges than those exercised by any such Powers at the date of such coming into force, and will accord complete equality of opportunity in respect to the operation and development of air services.

(c) Pending its becoming a party to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in accordance with Article 93 thereof, Japan will give effect to the provisions of that Convention applicable to the international navigation of aircraft, and will give effect to the standards, practices and procedures adopted as annexes to the Convention in accordance with the terms of the Convention.

CHAPTER V

CLAIMS AND PROPERTY

Article 14

(a) It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war. Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient, if it is to maintain a viable economy, to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations.

Therefore,

1. Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring, whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan, with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done, by making available the services of the Japanese people in production, salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question. Such arrangements shall avoid the imposition of additional liabilities on other Allied Powers, and, where the manufacturing of raw materials is called for, they shall be supplied by the Allied Powers in question, so as not to throw any foreign exchange burden upon Japan.

2. (I) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (II) below, each of the Allied Powers shall have the right to seize, retain, liquidate or otherwise dispose of all property, rights and interests of

(a) Japan and Japanese nationals,

(b) persons acting for or on behalf of Japan or Japanese nationals, and

(c) entities owned or controlled by Japan or Japanese nationals,

which on the first coming into force of the present Treaty were subject to its jurisdiction. The property, rights and interests specified in this subparagraph shall include those now blocked, vested or in the possession or under the control of enemy property authorities of Allied Powers, which belong to, or were held or managed on behalf of, any of the persons or entities mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above at the time such assets came under the controls of such authorities.

(II) The following shall be excepted from the right specified in subparagraph (I) above:

(i) property of Japanese natural persons who during the war resided with the permission of the Government concerned in the territory of one of the Allied Powers, other than territory occupied by Japan, except property subjected to restrictions during the war and not released from such restrictions as of the date of the first coming into force of the present Treaty;

(ii) all real property, furniture and fixtures owned by the Government of Japan and used for diplomatic or consular purposes, and all personal furniture and furnishings and other private property not of an investment nature which was normally necessary for the carrying out of diplomatic and consular functions, owned by Japanese diplomatic and consular personnel;

(iii) property belonging to religious bodies or private charitable institutions and used exclusively for religious or charitable purposes;

(iv) property, rights and interests which have come within its jurisdiction in consequence of the resumption of trade and financial relations subsequent to 2 September 1945, between the country concerned and Japan, except such as have resulted from transactions contrary to the laws of the Allied Power concerned;

(v) obligations of Japan or Japanese nationals, any right, title or interest in tangible property located in Japan, interests in enterprises organized under the laws of Japan, or any paper evidence thereof; provided that this exception shall only apply to obligations of Japan and its nationals expressed in Japanese currency.

(III) Property referred to in exceptions (i) through (v) above shall be returned subject to reasonable expenses for its preservation and administration. If any such property has been liquidated the proceeds shall be returned instead.

(IV) The right to seize, retain, liquidate or otherwise dispose of property as provided in subparagraph (I) above shall be exercised in accordance with the laws of the Allied Power concerned, and the owner shall have only such rights as may be given him by those laws.

(V) The Allied Powers agree to deal with Japanese trademarks and literary and artistic property rights on a basis as favorable to Japan as circumstances ruling in each country will permit.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in the present Treaty, the Allied Powers waive all reparations claims of the Allied Powers, other claims of the Allied Powers and their nationals arising out of any actions taken by Japan and its nationals in the course of the prosecution of the war, and claims of the Allied Powers for direct military costs of occupation.

Article 15

(a) Upon application made within nine months of the coming into force of the present Treaty between Japan and the Allied Power concerned, Japan will, within six months of the date of such application, return the property, tangible and intangible, and all rights or interests of any kind in Japan of each Allied Power and its nationals which was within Japan at any time between 7 December 1941 and 2 September 1945, unless the owner has freely disposed thereof without duress or fraud. Such property shall be returned free of all encumbrances and charges to which it may have become subject because of the war, and without any charges for its return. Property whose return is not applied for by or on behalf of the owner or by his Government within the prescribed period may be disposed of by the Japanese Government as it may determine. In cases where such property was within Japan on 7 December 1941, and cannot be returned or has suffered injury or damage as a result of the war, compensation will be made on terms not less favorable than the terms provided in the draft Allied Powers Property Compensation Law approved by the Japanese Cabinet on 13 July 1951.

(b) With respect to industrial property rights impaired during the war, Japan will continue to accord to the Allied Powers and their nationals benefits no less than those heretofore accorded by Cabinet Orders No. 309 effective 1 September 1949, No. 12 effective 28 January 1950, and No. 9 effective 1 February 1950, all as now amended, provided such nationals have applied for such benefits within the time limits prescribed therein.

(c) (i) Japan acknowledges that the literary and artistic property rights which existed in Japan on 6 December 1941, in respect to the published and unpublished works of the Allied Powers and their nationals have continued in force since that date, and recognizes those rights which have arisen, or but for the war would have arisen, in Japan since that date, by the operation of any conventions and agreements to which Japan was a party on that date, irrespective of whether or not such conventions or agreements were abrogated or suspended upon or since the outbreak of war by the domestic law of Japan or of the Allied Power concerned.

(ii) Without the need for application by the proprietor of the right and without the payment of any fee or compliance with any other formality, the period from 7 December 1941 until the coming into force of the present Treaty between Japan and the Allied Power concerned shall be excluded from the running of the normal term of such rights; and such period, with an additional period of six months, shall be excluded from the time within which a literary work must be translated into Japanese in order to obtain translating rights in Japan.

Article 16

As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of war of Japan, Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which were neutral during the war, or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers, or, at its option, the equivalent of such assets, to the International Committee of the Red Cross which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate national agencies, for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such basis as it may determine to be equitable. The categories of assets described in Article 14(a)2(II)(ii) through (v) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer, as well as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into force of the Treaty. It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements presently owned by Japanese financial institutions.

Article 17

(a) Upon the request of any of the Allied Powers, the Japanese Government shall review and revise in conformity with international law any decision or order of the Japanese Prize Courts in cases involving ownership rights of nationals of that Allied Power and shall supply copies of all documents comprising the records of these cases, including the decisions taken and orders issued. In any case in which such review or revision shows that restoration is due, the provisions of Article 15 shall apply to the property concerned.

(b) The Japanese Government shall take the necessary measures to enable nationals of any of the Allied Powers at any time within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty between Japan and the Allied Power concerned to submit to the appropriate Japanese authorities for review any judgment given by a Japanese court between 7 December 1941 and such coming into force, in any proceedings in which any such national was unable to make adequate presentation of his case either as plaintiff or defendant. The Japanese Government shall provide that, where the national has suffered injury by reason of any such judgment, he shall be restored in the position in which he was before the judgment was given or shall be afforded such relief as may be just and equitable in the circumstances.

Article 18

(a) It is recognized that the intervention of the state of war has not affected the obligation to pay pecuniary debts arising out of obligations and contracts (including those in respect of bonds) which existed and rights which were acquired before the existence of a state of war, and which are due by the Government or nationals of Japan to the Government or nationals of one of the Allied Powers, or are due by the Government or nationals of one of the Allied Powers to the Government or nationals of Japan. The intervention of a state of war shall equally not be regarded as affecting the obligation to consider on their merits claims for loss or damage to property or for personal injury or death which arose before the existence of a state of war, and which may be presented or re-presented by the Government of one of the Allied Powers to the Government of Japan, or by the Government of Japan to any of the Governments of the Allied Powers. The provisions of this paragraph are without prejudice to the rights conferred by Article 14.

(b) Japan affirms its liability for the prewar external debt of the Japanese State and for debts of corporate bodies subsequently declared to be liabilities of the Japanese State, and expresses its intention to enter into negotiations at an early date with its creditors with respect to the resumption of payments on those debts; to encourage negotiations in respect to other prewar claims and obligations; and to facilitate the transfer of sums accordingly.

Article 19

(a) Japan waives all claims of Japan and its nationals against the Allied Powers and their nationals arising out of the war or out of actions taken because of the existence of a state of war, and waives all claims arising from the presence, operations or actions of forces or authorities of any of the Allied Powers in Japanese territo